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| 1812 |
| | | French scientist Georges Cuvier introduces scientific palaeontology with his Research on the Fossil Bones of Quadrupeds | |
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| 1831 |
| | | HMS Beagle sails from Plymouth to survey the coasts of the southern hemisphere, with Charles Darwin as the expedition's naturalist | |
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| 1835 |
| | | French zoologist Félix Dujardin identifies protoplasm, the viscous translucent substance common to all forms of life | |
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| 1836 |
| | | HMS Beagle reaches Falmouth, in Cornwall, after a voyage of five years, and Charles Darwin brings with him a valuable collection of specimens | |
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| 1843 |
| | | Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz completes his pioneering Poissons Fossiles ('Fossil Fish'), classifying more than 1500 categories | |
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| 1851 |
| | | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Austrian monk Gregor Mendel begins his study of pea plants in the garden of the Abbey of St Thomas in Brno | |
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| 1854 |
| | | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1856 |
| | | The first Neanderthal man to be discovered is unearthed by quarry workers in the Neander valley, near Düsseldorf | |
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| 1857 |
| | | French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air | |
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